The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) carries a unique mandate under Chapter VII of the UN Charter: the preservation of international peace and security. When military action is not appropriate, Article 41 empowers the Council to impose non-military sanctions, including asset freezes, arms embargoes, and travel bans. However, these measures only have real impact when those on the ground can effectively enforce them.

A significant step forward came in September 2005, when INTERPOL’s 74th General Assembly in Berlin approved the creation of the INTERPOL–UN Security Council Special Notice. This innovation transformed UN sanctions lists into operational policing tools, enabling law enforcement authorities worldwide to identify and track individuals and entities designated by the UNSC.

Special Notices provide detailed identifiers, such as names, aliases, photos, and, increasingly, biometric data [encouraged since UNSC Resolution 2399 (2017)], and circulate them securely to INTERPOL’s 196 member countries. Since 2005, more than 700 Special Notices have been issued.

The Berlin Assembly also endorsed incorporating UN sanctions information into INTERPOL’s existing notices, such as the Red Notice, increasing their visibility and strengthening international counter-terrorism efforts. These developments responded directly to UNSC Resolution 1617 (2005), which urged closer cooperation between INTERPOL and the United Nations to reinforce sanctions against Al-Qaida and the Taliban.

Nearly two decades later, the Special Notice remains a clear demonstration of effective multilateral cooperation. It shows how international law can move beyond resolutions on paper and become an actionable tool for frontline police. At the same time, it underscores a crucial reality: the success of UN sanctions depends entirely on their translation into practical enforcement mechanisms. Without that bridge, sanctions risk becoming symbolic. With it, they gain the visibility and operational reach necessary to have a real impact.